USE PAST TENSE. . .

To describe your methodology and report your results.

At the time you are writing your report, thesis, dissertation or article, you have already completed your study, so you should use past tense in your methodology section to record what you did, and in your results section to report what you found.

We hypothesized that adults would remember more items than children.

We extracted tannins from the leaves by bringing them to a boil in 50% methanol.

In experiment 2, response varied.

When referring to the work of previous researchers.

When citing previous research in your article, use past tense. Whatever a previous researcher said, did or wrote happened at some specific, definite time in the past and is not still being done. Results that were relevant only in the past or to a particular study and have not yet been generally accepted as fact also should be expressed in past tense:

Smith (2008) reported that adult respondents in his study remembered 30 percent more than children. (Smith’s study was completed in the past and his finding was specific to that particular study.)

Previous research showed that children confuse the source of their memories more often than adults (Lindsey et al., 1991). (The research was conducted in the past, but the finding is now a widely accepted fact.)

To describe a fact, law or finding that is no longer considered valid and relevant.

Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were “the weaker sex,” but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender. (Note the shift here from past tense [discredited belief] to present [current belief].)

USE PRESENT TENSE. . .

To express findings that continue to be true.

Use present tense to express general truths or facts or conclusions supported by research results that are unlikely to change – in other words, something that is believed to be always true:

Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides on DNA.

Galileo asserted that the earth revolves the sun.(The asserting took place in the past, but the
earth is still revolving around the sun. Note also that no source citation is needed here since it is a
widely known and well-accepted fact that Galileo made this assertion.)

Sexual dimorphism in body size is common among butterflies (Singer1982).(Note how this
statement differs from one in which you refer to the researcher’s work in the sentence: “Singer
(1982) stated that sexual dimorphism in body size is common among butterflies.” Here you use past
tense to indicate what Singer reported, but present tense to indicate a research result that is
unlikely to change.)

We chose Vietnam for this study because it has a long coastline. (Use past tense to indicate what
you did [chose Vietnam], but present tense to indicate you assume that the length of Vietnam’s
coastline is unlikely to change.)

We used cornmeal to feed the fingerlings because it provides high nutritional content at a
relatively low cost. (Past tense reflects what you did [used cornmeal], but present tense indicates
that neither the nutritional content nor the cost of corn meal is likely to change.)

To refer to the article, thesis or dissertation itself.

Use the present tense in reference to the thesis or dissertation itself and what it contains, shows, etc. For example:

Table 3 shows that the main cause of weight increase was nutritional value of the feed. (Table 3
will always show this; it is now a fact that is unlikely to change, and will be true whenever anyone
reads this sentence, so use present tense.)

To discuss your findings and present your conclusions. Also use present tense to discuss your results and their implications.

Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggest that feeds
higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock. (Use past tense to
indicate what you found [weight increased], but use present tense to suggest what the result
implies.)

Sources: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Ed. The Comprehensive Guide to Writing in the Health Sciences, University of Toronto.

So was Lively, Google’s now-shuttered virtual world. And to say that Orkut, its social network, is very popular in Brazil and India is to damn it with faint praise.

Making causative connections between genotypic and phenotypic variation is a major challenge for geneticists engaged in the study of human disease. A study drawing this connection for a type 1 diabetes risk locus now demonstrates the importance of focusing on specific quantitative traits and studying them in normal subjects.

Introduction

Over the last few years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported an extraordinary harvest of new genetic associations. This productivity has been particularly rich in the area of human autoimmune disorders, where in the aggregate well over 100 confirmed associations have been reported in diseases including type 1 diabetes1, inflammatory bowel disease2 and rheumatoid arthritis, among many others3.

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